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Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>Degassing thermal features at Yellowstone National Park include spectacular geysers, roiling hot springs, bubbling mud pots, fumaroles, frying pans, and areas of passive degassing characterized by steaming ground. Most of these features are readily identified by visible clouds of steam that are occasionally accompanied by a strong “rotten egg” odor from emissions of hydrogen sulfide gas. Gas compositions typically are greater than 90% carbon dioxide with lesser amounts of helium, hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, methane, nitrogen and other trace components. The composition of the gas and relative amounts of gas and steam relate both to the type of feature as well as the geographic location within the park. In 2003 we began a long-term field study of Yellowstone gases with a goal of obtaining complete chemical analyses from a variety of features from all areas of the park. </SPAN></P><P><SPAN>Results from samples collected through 2012 are published in numerous journal articles and reports (Bergfeld et al., 2012, 2014; Chiodini et al., 2012; Evans et al., 2010; Lowenstern et al., 2012, 2014, 2015; and Werner et al., 2008). Synthesis of these data allow us to delineate areas within Yellowstone that are dominated by magmatic versus crustal gas sources and to tease out additional information regarding sedimentary and metamorphic sources for crustal gas. </SPAN></P><P><SPAN>This report compiles our published gas and water data with new gas data from samples collected through September, 2018 and includes some previously unpublished carbon isotope data from waters collected during 2011. Some of the analyses represent replicate samples collected in different bottles on the same day, others are samples collected from the same location in different years, and some sites were only sampled once. A companion data release focused on water chemistry and discharge for 2017-18 waters is planned be published in a separate report. </SPAN></P><P><SPAN>The data herein are organized by sample type: Tables 1 and 2 include bulk chemistry and isotope data for 199 gas samples collected in evacuated bottles containing sodium hydroxide and 41 gas samples collected in dry evacuated bottles, respectively; Table 3 presents chemical and isotope data for 62 water samples from thermal and non-thermal features; Table 4 contains helium and carbon isotope data for 10 water samples and 1 gas sample. Each sample is assigned a group number linked to a particular area within the park (figure 1). Samples in groups 2 through 10 and 12 through 22 tend to be in close proximity. Group 11 includes samples from general locations across Eastern Yellowstone. Samples keyed to group 1 (miscellaneous) are not co-located. </SPAN></P><P><SPAN>The analytical results include major and trace element chemistry for the gases and waters, and isotope values for carbon dioxide (d13C-CO2), dissolved inorganic carbon (d13C-DIC), helium (3He/4He), steam (d18O, dD), neon (20Ne/22Ne and 21Ne/22Ne), and argon (38Ar/36Ar and 40Ar/36Ar). All data in this report supersede previously published analyses. The reader is directed to early publications for details on sampling and analytical methods and for in depth discussions regarding interpretations of the gas data.</SPAN><SPAN /><SPAN /></P><P><SPAN><SPAN>Data were downloaded and minimally modified (e.g. clipped to spatial extent, desired features extracted, projected to a different coordinate system, attribute fields renamed and/or added, symbolized) as necessary by the Wyoming State Geological Survey (WSGS) in September, 2020 for simplified display on the interactive Geology of Yellowstone Map. The WSGS has not formally reviewed or quality-controlled these data; users are encouraged to consult the original data source.</SPAN></SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>

Service Item Id: 3ce021cb9a2949b79a459460f8ba1615

Copyright Text: Bergfeld, D., Lowenstern, J.B., Hunt, A.G., Hurwitz, S., McCleskey, B.R., and Peek, S.E., 2019, Chemical and isotopic data on gases and waters for thermal and non-thermal features across Yellowstone National Park (ver. 2.0, March 2019): U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/F7H13105.

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Layer: Water isotope samples (1)

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Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>Degassing thermal features at Yellowstone National Park include spectacular geysers, roiling hot springs, bubbling mud pots, fumaroles, frying pans, and areas of passive degassing characterized by steaming ground. Most of these features are readily identified by visible clouds of steam that are occasionally accompanied by a strong “rotten egg” odor from emissions of hydrogen sulfide gas. Gas compositions typically are greater than 90% carbon dioxide with lesser amounts of helium, hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, methane, nitrogen and other trace components. The composition of the gas and relative amounts of gas and steam relate both to the type of feature as well as the geographic location within the park. In 2003 we began a long-term field study of Yellowstone gases with a goal of obtaining complete chemical analyses from a variety of features from all areas of the park. </SPAN></P><P><SPAN>Results from samples collected through 2012 are published in numerous journal articles and reports (Bergfeld et al., 2012, 2014; Chiodini et al., 2012; Evans et al., 2010; Lowenstern et al., 2012, 2014, 2015; and Werner et al., 2008). Synthesis of these data allow us to delineate areas within Yellowstone that are dominated by magmatic versus crustal gas sources and to tease out additional information regarding sedimentary and metamorphic sources for crustal gas. </SPAN></P><P><SPAN>This report compiles our published gas and water data with new gas data from samples collected through September, 2018 and includes some previously unpublished carbon isotope data from waters collected during 2011. Some of the analyses represent replicate samples collected in different bottles on the same day, others are samples collected from the same location in different years, and some sites were only sampled once. A companion data release focused on water chemistry and discharge for 2017-18 waters is planned be published in a separate report. </SPAN></P><P><SPAN>The data herein are organized by sample type: Tables 1 and 2 include bulk chemistry and isotope data for 199 gas samples collected in evacuated bottles containing sodium hydroxide and 41 gas samples collected in dry evacuated bottles, respectively; Table 3 presents chemical and isotope data for 62 water samples from thermal and non-thermal features; Table 4 contains helium and carbon isotope data for 10 water samples and 1 gas sample. Each sample is assigned a group number linked to a particular area within the park (figure 1). Samples in groups 2 through 10 and 12 through 22 tend to be in close proximity. Group 11 includes samples from general locations across Eastern Yellowstone. Samples keyed to group 1 (miscellaneous) are not co-located. </SPAN></P><P><SPAN>The analytical results include major and trace element chemistry for the gases and waters, and isotope values for carbon dioxide (d13C-CO2), dissolved inorganic carbon (d13C-DIC), helium (3He/4He), steam (d18O, dD), neon (20Ne/22Ne and 21Ne/22Ne), and argon (38Ar/36Ar and 40Ar/36Ar). All data in this report supersede previously published analyses. The reader is directed to early publications for details on sampling and analytical methods and for in depth discussions regarding interpretations of the gas data.</SPAN></P><P><SPAN>Data were downloaded and minimally modified (e.g. clipped to spatial extent, desired features extracted, projected to a different coordinate system, attribute fields renamed and/or added, symbolized) as necessary by the Wyoming State Geological Survey (WSGS) in September, 2020 for simplified display on the interactive Geology of Yellowstone Map. The WSGS has not formally reviewed or quality-controlled these data; users are encouraged to consult the original data source.</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>

Service Item Id: 3ce021cb9a2949b79a459460f8ba1615

Copyright Text: Bergfeld, D., Lowenstern, J.B., Hunt, A.G., Hurwitz, S., McCleskey, B.R., and Peek, S.E., 2019, Chemical and isotopic data on gases and waters for thermal and non-thermal features across Yellowstone National Park (ver. 2.0, March 2019): U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/F7H13105.

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Layer: Water chemistry samples (7)

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Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>There are over 10,000 hydrothermal features in Yellowstone National Park (YNP), where waters have pH values ranging from about 1 to 10 and surface temperatures up to 95 °C. Active geothermal areas in YNP provide insight into a variety of processes occurring at depth, such as water-rock and oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions, the formation of alteration minerals, and microbial (thermophile) metabolism in extreme environments. Investigations into the water chemistry of YNP hot springs, geysers, fumaroles, mud pots, streams, and rivers have been conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and other earth-science organizations and academic institutions since 1888 (Gooch and Whitfield, 1888). More recently, USGS researchers have sampled hydrothermal features in YNP at least annually since 1994 (McCleskey and others, 2014, and references within). </SPAN></P><P><SPAN>In this Data Release, the analyses of 751 water samples are reported for numerous thermal and non-thermal features in YNP. These samples were collected beginning in 2009. This report combines water chemistry data presented in McCleskey and others (2014) with newer data collected after 2014. These water samples were collected and analyzed as part of research investigations in YNP on arsenic, iron, nitrogen, and sulfur redox species in hot springs and overflow drainages; the occurrence and distribution of dissolved mercury and arsenic; and general hydrogeochemistry of hot springs throughout YNP. For most samples, data includes water temperature, pH, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen, and concentrations of major cations, anions, trace metals, alkalinity, sulfur redox species (hydrogen sulfide and thiosulfate), nutrients, silica, arsenic and iron redox species, acidity, dissolved organic carbon, and hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios. For select samples, tritium (3H) and stable carbon isotopes of the dissolved inorganic carbon are presented. In addition, chemical data for river and stream waters were obtained to determine geothermal solute flux from thermal areas throughout YNP. </SPAN></P><P><SPAN>References Cited</SPAN></P><P><SPAN>Gooch, F.A., and Whitfield, J.E., 1888, Analyses of waters of the Yellowstone National Park with an account of the methods of analysis employed: Bulletin 47, p. 84.</SPAN></P><P><SPAN>McCleskey, R.B., Chiu, R.B., Nordstrom, D.K., Campbell, K.M., Roth, D.A., Ball, J.W., and Plowman, T.I., 2014, Water-Chemistry Data for Selected Springs, Geysers, and Streams in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, Beginning 2009: doi:10.5066/F7M043FS.</SPAN></P><P><SPAN>Data were downloaded and minimally modified by the Wyoming State Geological Survey (WSGS) in February, 2023 for simplified display on the interactive Geology of Yellowstone Map. Data in this feature class come from the "Water Chemistry.csv" file. Not all fields in the original table are displayed here, and some fields were given new headers. 79 records were excluded that were missing latitude and longitude data. The WSGS has not formally reviewed or quality-controlled these data; users are encouraged to consult the original data source.</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>

Service Item Id: 3ce021cb9a2949b79a459460f8ba1615

Copyright Text: Support was provided by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Volcano Hazards Program and its Yellowstone Volcano Observatory, USGS Water Mission Area, and the National Park Service. A field project located in Yellowstone could not have succeeded without the support of the National Park Service scientists including Jeff Hungerford, Erin White, Dan Mahony, Henry Heasler, and Annie Carlson. We are also grateful to Kate M Campbell-Hay, Terry Plowman, Lonnie Olsen, Sara Peek, Deb Bergfeld, Tyler Kane, John DeWild, and Charlie Alpers who provided lab analyses, field assistance, or review. We also would like to thank many collaborators from the University of Illinois including Rachel Whitaker, Peter Diebold, Angela Kouris, Maria Bautista, Whitney England, Dave Drause, Nicole H. Held, and Michael Reno. This study was conducted under research permit YELL‐SCI‐5194. McCleskey, R.B., Roth, D.A., Nordstrom, D.K., Hurwitz, S., Holloway, J.M., Bliznik, P.A., Ball, J.W., Repert, D.A., and Hunt, A.G., 2022, Water-Chemistry and Isotope Data for Selected Springs, Geysers, Streams, and Rivers in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P92XKJU7.

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Layer: Christiansen samples (2)

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Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>This database was prepared using a combination of materials that include aerial photographs, topographic maps (1:24,000 and 1:250,000), field notes, and a sample catalog. Our goal was to translate sample collection site locations at Yellowstone National Park and surrounding areas into a GIS database. This was achieved by transferring site locations from aerial photographs and topographic maps into layers in ArcMap. Each field site is located based on field notes describing where a sample was collected. Locations were marked on the photograph or topographic map by a pinhole or dot, respectively, with the corresponding station or site numbers. Station and site numbers were then referenced in the notes to determine the appropriate prefix for the station. Each point on the aerial photograph or topographic map was relocated on the screen in ArcMap, on a digital topographic map, or an aerial photograph. Several samples are present in the field notes and in the catalog but do not correspond to an aerial photograph or could not be found on the topographic maps. These samples are marked with “No” under the LocationFound field and do not have a corresponding point in the SampleSites feature class. Each point represents a field station or collection site with information that was entered into an attributes table (explained in detail in the entity and attribute metadata sections). Tabular information on hand samples, thin sections, and mineral separates were entered by hand. The Samples table includes everything transferred from the paper records and relates to the other tables using the SampleID and to the SampleSites feature class using the SampleSite field.</SPAN></P><P><SPAN>Data were minimally modified by the Wyoming State Geological Survey (WSGS) in March, 2022 for simplified display on the interactive Geology of Yellowstone Map. The SampleSites feature class was joined to the Samples nonspatial table by the SampleSite field. Records where LocationFound = "No" were deleted because these records lack spatial data. The SampleSites feature class was then joined to the HandSamples, ThinSections, and MineralSeparates nonspatial tables by the SampleID field. Records from these three nonspatial tables that are populated (in other words, where the data exist), were assigned a "Yes" value in the "Hand sample?", "Thin section?", and "Mineral separates?" fields respectively; all other records were assigned "No" values in these fields. The joined table was exported to the final feature class, and some fields were added, given different aliases, or had their visibility turned off for simplified display on the interactive Geology of Yellowstone Map. The WSGS has not formally reviewed or quality-controlled these data; users are encouraged to consult the original data source.</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>

Service Item Id: 3ce021cb9a2949b79a459460f8ba1615

Copyright Text: Rock samples collected and analyzed by Robert L. Christiansen, Edward W. Hildreth, Richard M. Blank, and Harold J. Prostka during 1965-2001. Robinson, J.E., McConville, E.G., Szymanski, M.E., and Christiansen, R.L., 2021, Yellowstone Sample Collection - database: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P94JTACV.

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Layer: Sr and U thermal waters samples (5)

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Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>Radiogenic isotopes of strontium and uranium (87Sr/86Sr and 234U/238U) are useful tracers of water-rock interactions. Sr isotopic signatures in groundwater are derived by dissolution or exchange with Sr contained in aquifer rock whereas U isotopic signatures are more controlled by physicochemical and kinetic processes during groundwater flow. Insights into groundwater circulation patterns through the shallow subsurface at Yellowstone National Park can be aided by investigations of these isotopes. This data release contains tables with new isotope data consisting of concentrations (Sr, U) and radiogenic-isotope compositions (87Sr/86Sr, 234U/238U) for samples of thermal springs and geysers focused largely on the Upper Geyser Basin, but from other geothermal areas as well. Sr isotopes were also analyzed in samples of streamflow from several different areas in the Park as well as in samples of whole rock or mineral separates as a means of better defining sources of Sr that are incorporated into thermal water. Finally, authigenic mineral deposits precipitated from spring discharge inherit the Sr- and U-isotopic composition of the water from which they formed. Travertine precipitated from several areas in the Upper Geyser Basin were analyzed as a means of assessing their ages, determined by U-Th disequilibrium methods, and the Sr- and U-isotopic compositions of their source water at the time they formed.</SPAN></P><P><SPAN>Data were downloaded and minimally modified by the Wyoming State Geological Survey (WSGS) in February, 2023 for simplified display on the interactive Geology of Yellowstone Map. Data in this feature class come from the "YNP_Sr-U_UGB_ThermalWater.csv" and "YNP_Sr-U_Other_ThermalWater.csv" files. Records from these two files were combined into one table with the same fields. Several fields were combined and given new headers; the Metadata field was populated with text strings rather than numeric footnotes. One record was excluded that was missing latitude and longitude data. The WSGS has not formally reviewed or quality-controlled these data; users are encouraged to consult the original data source.</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>

Service Item Id: 3ce021cb9a2949b79a459460f8ba1615

Copyright Text: Paces, J.B., Hurwitz, S., Harrison, L.N., and Cullen, J.T., 2022, Sr and U concentrations and radiogenic isotope compositions (87Sr/86Sr, 234U/238U) of thermal waters, streamflow, travertine, and rock samples along with U-Th disequilibrium ages for travertine deposits from various locations in Yellowstone National Park, USA: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9JPX2RO.

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Service Item Id: 3ce021cb9a2949b79a459460f8ba1615

Copyright Text: Paces, J.B., Hurwitz, S., Harrison, L.N., and Cullen, J.T., 2022, Sr and U concentrations and radiogenic isotope compositions (87Sr/86Sr, 234U/238U) of thermal waters, streamflow, travertine, and rock samples along with U-Th disequilibrium ages for travertine deposits from various locations in Yellowstone National Park, USA: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9JPX2RO.

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Service Item Id: 3ce021cb9a2949b79a459460f8ba1615

Copyright Text: Paces, J.B., Hurwitz, S., Harrison, L.N., and Cullen, J.T., 2022, Sr and U concentrations and radiogenic isotope compositions (87Sr/86Sr, 234U/238U) of thermal waters, streamflow, travertine, and rock samples along with U-Th disequilibrium ages for travertine deposits from various locations in Yellowstone National Park, USA: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9JPX2RO.

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Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>Radiogenic isotopes of strontium and uranium (87Sr/86Sr and 234U/238U) are useful tracers of water-rock interactions. Sr isotopic signatures in groundwater are derived by dissolution or exchange with Sr contained in aquifer rock whereas U isotopic signatures are more controlled by physicochemical and kinetic processes during groundwater flow. Insights into groundwater circulation patterns through the shallow subsurface at Yellowstone National Park can be aided by investigations of these isotopes. This data release contains tables with new isotope data consisting of concentrations (Sr, U) and radiogenic-isotope compositions (87Sr/86Sr, 234U/238U) for samples of thermal springs and geysers focused largely on the Upper Geyser Basin, but from other geothermal areas as well. Sr isotopes were also analyzed in samples of streamflow from several different areas in the Park as well as in samples of whole rock or mineral separates as a means of better defining sources of Sr that are incorporated into thermal water. Finally, authigenic mineral deposits precipitated from spring discharge inherit the Sr- and U-isotopic composition of the water from which they formed. Travertine precipitated from several areas in the Upper Geyser Basin were analyzed as a means of assessing their ages, determined by U-Th disequilibrium methods, and the Sr- and U-isotopic compositions of their source water at the time they formed.</SPAN></P><P><SPAN>Data were downloaded and minimally modified by the Wyoming State Geological Survey (WSGS) in February, 2023 for simplified display on the interactive Geology of Yellowstone Map. Data in this feature class come from the "YNP_Sr_RockData.csv" file. Several fields were combined and given new headers; the Metadata field was populated with text strings rather than numeric footnotes. Four records were excluded that were missing latitude and longitude data. The WSGS has not formally reviewed or quality-controlled these data; users are encouraged to consult the original data source.</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>

Service Item Id: 3ce021cb9a2949b79a459460f8ba1615

Copyright Text: Paces, J.B., Hurwitz, S., Harrison, L.N., and Cullen, J.T., 2022, Sr and U concentrations and radiogenic isotope compositions (87Sr/86Sr, 234U/238U) of thermal waters, streamflow, travertine, and rock samples along with U-Th disequilibrium ages for travertine deposits from various locations in Yellowstone National Park, USA: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9JPX2RO.

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