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Description: Degassing thermal features at Yellowstone National Park include spectacular geysers, roiling hot springs, bubbling mud pots, fumaroles, frying pans, and areas of passive degassing characterized by steaming ground. Most of these features are readily identified by visible clouds of steam that are occasionally accompanied by a strong “rotten egg” odor from emissions of hydrogen sulfide gas. Gas compositions typically are greater than 90% carbon dioxide with lesser amounts of helium, hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, methane, nitrogen and other trace components. The composition of the gas and relative amounts of gas and steam relate both to the type of feature as well as the geographic location within the park. In 2003 we began a long-term field study of Yellowstone gases with a goal of obtaining complete chemical analyses from a variety of features from all areas of the park. Results from samples collected through 2012 are published in numerous journal articles and reports (Bergfeld et al., 2012, 2014; Chiodini et al., 2012; Evans et al., 2010; Lowenstern et al., 2012, 2014, 2015; and Werner et al., 2008). Synthesis of these data allow us to delineate areas within Yellowstone that are dominated by magmatic versus crustal gas sources and to tease out additional information regarding sedimentary and metamorphic sources for crustal gas. This report compiles our published gas and water data with new gas data from samples collected through September, 2018 and includes some previously unpublished carbon isotope data from waters collected during 2011. Some of the analyses represent replicate samples collected in different bottles on the same day, others are samples collected from the same location in different years, and some sites were only sampled once. A companion data release focused on water chemistry and discharge for 2017-18 waters is planned be published in a separate report. The data herein are organized by sample type: Tables 1 and 2 include bulk chemistry and isotope data for 199 gas samples collected in evacuated bottles containing sodium hydroxide and 41 gas samples collected in dry evacuated bottles, respectively; Table 3 presents chemical and isotope data for 62 water samples from thermal and non-thermal features; Table 4 contains helium and carbon isotope data for 10 water samples and 1 gas sample. Each sample is assigned a group number linked to a particular area within the park (figure 1). Samples in groups 2 through 10 and 12 through 22 tend to be in close proximity. Group 11 includes samples from general locations across Eastern Yellowstone. Samples keyed to group 1 (miscellaneous) are not co-located. The analytical results include major and trace element chemistry for the gases and waters, and isotope values for carbon dioxide (d13C-CO2), dissolved inorganic carbon (d13C-DIC), helium (3He/4He), steam (d18O, dD), neon (20Ne/22Ne and 21Ne/22Ne), and argon (38Ar/36Ar and 40Ar/36Ar). All data in this report supersede previously published analyses. The reader is directed to early publications for details on sampling and analytical methods and for in depth discussions regarding interpretations of the gas data.Data were downloaded and minimally modified (e.g. clipped to spatial extent, desired features extracted, projected to a different coordinate system, attribute fields renamed and/or added, symbolized) as necessary by the Wyoming State Geological Survey (WSGS) in September, 2020 for simplified display on the interactive Geology of Yellowstone Map. The WSGS has not formally reviewed or quality-controlled these data; users are encouraged to consult the original data source.
Service Item Id: 3ce021cb9a2949b79a459460f8ba1615
Copyright Text: Bergfeld, D., Lowenstern, J.B., Hunt, A.G., Hurwitz, S., McCleskey, B.R., and Peek, S.E., 2019, Chemical and isotopic data on gases and waters for thermal and non-thermal features across Yellowstone National Park (ver. 2.0, March 2019): U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/F7H13105.
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Description: Degassing thermal features at Yellowstone National Park include spectacular geysers, roiling hot springs, bubbling mud pots, fumaroles, frying pans, and areas of passive degassing characterized by steaming ground. Most of these features are readily identified by visible clouds of steam that are occasionally accompanied by a strong “rotten egg” odor from emissions of hydrogen sulfide gas. Gas compositions typically are greater than 90% carbon dioxide with lesser amounts of helium, hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, methane, nitrogen and other trace components. The composition of the gas and relative amounts of gas and steam relate both to the type of feature as well as the geographic location within the park. In 2003 we began a long-term field study of Yellowstone gases with a goal of obtaining complete chemical analyses from a variety of features from all areas of the park. Results from samples collected through 2012 are published in numerous journal articles and reports (Bergfeld et al., 2012, 2014; Chiodini et al., 2012; Evans et al., 2010; Lowenstern et al., 2012, 2014, 2015; and Werner et al., 2008). Synthesis of these data allow us to delineate areas within Yellowstone that are dominated by magmatic versus crustal gas sources and to tease out additional information regarding sedimentary and metamorphic sources for crustal gas. This report compiles our published gas and water data with new gas data from samples collected through September, 2018 and includes some previously unpublished carbon isotope data from waters collected during 2011. Some of the analyses represent replicate samples collected in different bottles on the same day, others are samples collected from the same location in different years, and some sites were only sampled once. A companion data release focused on water chemistry and discharge for 2017-18 waters is planned be published in a separate report. The data herein are organized by sample type: Tables 1 and 2 include bulk chemistry and isotope data for 199 gas samples collected in evacuated bottles containing sodium hydroxide and 41 gas samples collected in dry evacuated bottles, respectively; Table 3 presents chemical and isotope data for 62 water samples from thermal and non-thermal features; Table 4 contains helium and carbon isotope data for 10 water samples and 1 gas sample. Each sample is assigned a group number linked to a particular area within the park (figure 1). Samples in groups 2 through 10 and 12 through 22 tend to be in close proximity. Group 11 includes samples from general locations across Eastern Yellowstone. Samples keyed to group 1 (miscellaneous) are not co-located. The analytical results include major and trace element chemistry for the gases and waters, and isotope values for carbon dioxide (d13C-CO2), dissolved inorganic carbon (d13C-DIC), helium (3He/4He), steam (d18O, dD), neon (20Ne/22Ne and 21Ne/22Ne), and argon (38Ar/36Ar and 40Ar/36Ar). All data in this report supersede previously published analyses. The reader is directed to early publications for details on sampling and analytical methods and for in depth discussions regarding interpretations of the gas data.Data were downloaded and minimally modified (e.g. clipped to spatial extent, desired features extracted, projected to a different coordinate system, attribute fields renamed and/or added, symbolized) as necessary by the Wyoming State Geological Survey (WSGS) in September, 2020 for simplified display on the interactive Geology of Yellowstone Map. The WSGS has not formally reviewed or quality-controlled these data; users are encouraged to consult the original data source.
Service Item Id: 3ce021cb9a2949b79a459460f8ba1615
Copyright Text: Bergfeld, D., Lowenstern, J.B., Hunt, A.G., Hurwitz, S., McCleskey, B.R., and Peek, S.E., 2019, Chemical and isotopic data on gases and waters for thermal and non-thermal features across Yellowstone National Park (ver. 2.0, March 2019): U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/F7H13105.
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Description: There are over 10,000 hydrothermal features in Yellowstone National Park (YNP), where waters have pH values ranging from about 1 to 10 and surface temperatures up to 95 °C. Active hydrothermal areas in YNP provide insight into a variety of processes occurring at depth, such as water-rock and oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions, the formation of alteration minerals, and microbial (thermophile) metabolism in extreme environments, and possible indications of volcanic unrest. Investigations into the water chemistry of hydrothermal features, streams, and rivers in YNP have been conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and other earth-science organizations and academic institutions since 1883 (Gooch and Whitfield, 1888; Price and others, 2024). More recently, USGS researchers have sampled hydrothermal features in YNP at least annually since 1994 (McCleskey and others, 2014, and references within).In this Data Release, the chemical and isotopic analyses of 845 water samples collected beginning in 2009 are reported for numerous thermal and non-thermal features in YNP. This report combines water chemistry data presented in McCleskey and others (2014) with data collected after 2014. These water samples were collected and analyzed as part of research investigations in YNP on and as part of the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory monitoring plans (Yellowstone Volcano Observatory, 2006); arsenic, iron, nitrogen, and sulfur redox species in hot springs and overflow drainages; the occurrence and distribution of dissolved mercury and arsenic; and general hydrogeochemistry of hot springs throughout YNP. For most samples, data includes water temperature, pH, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen, and concentrations of major cations, anions, trace metals, alkalinity, sulfur redox species (hydrogen sulfide and thiosulfate), nutrients, silica, boron, arsenic and iron redox species, acidity, dissolved organic carbon, and hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios. For select samples, tritium (3H), stable carbon isotopes of the dissolved inorganic carbon, and sulfur isotopes of sulfate are presented. In addition, chemical data for river, stream, and lake waters were obtained to determine input of different solutes from thermal areas throughout YNP.References CitedGooch, F.A., and Whitfield, J.E., 1888, Analyses of waters of the Yellowstone National Park with an account of the methods of analysis employed: Bulletin 47, p. 84.McCleskey, R.B., Chiu, R.B., Nordstrom, D.K., Campbell, K.M., Roth, D.A., Ball, J.W., and Plowman, T.I., 2014, Water-Chemistry Data for Selected Springs, Geysers, and Streams in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, Beginning 2009: doi:10.5066/F7M043FS.Price, M.B., McCleskey, R.B., Oaks, A., Hurwitz, S., and Nordstrom, D.K., 2024, Historic Water Chemistry Data for Thermal Features, Streams, and Rivers in the Yellowstone National Park Area, 1883-2021: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9KSEVI1.Yellowstone Volcano Observatory, 2006, Volcano and earthquake monitoring plan for the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory, 2006-2015: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5276, http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5276/.First posted - September 19, 2022 (available from author)Revised - March 4, 2025 (version 2.0)NOTE: While previous versions are available from the author, all the records in previous versions can be found in version 2.0.Data were downloaded and minimally modified by the Wyoming State Geological Survey (WSGS) in April, 2025 for simplified display on the interactive Geology of Yellowstone Map. Data in this feature class come from the "YNP_WQ.csv" file. Not all fields in the original table are displayed here, and some fields were given new headers. 88 records were excluded that were missing latitude and longitude data. The WSGS has not formally reviewed or quality-controlled these data; users are encouraged to consult the original data source.
Service Item Id: 3ce021cb9a2949b79a459460f8ba1615
Copyright Text: Support was provided by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Volcano Hazards Program and its Yellowstone Volcano Observatory, USGS Water Mission Area, and the National Park Service. A field project located in Yellowstone could not have succeeded without the support of the National Park Service scientists including Jeff Hungerford, Erin White, Dan Mahony, Henry Heasler, Annie Carlson, Kiernan Donahue, Elle Blom. We are also grateful to Kirk Nordstrom, James Ball, JoAnn Holloway, Margery Price, Lauren Harrison, Laura Clor, Kate M Campbell-Hay, Terry Plowman, Lonnie Olsen, Deb Bergfeld, Tyler Kane, John DeWild, and Charlie Alpers who provided lab analyses, field assistance, or review. This study was conducted under research permit YELL‐SCI‐5194. McCleskey, R.B., Roth, D.A., Hurwitz, S., Bliznik, P.A., Peek, S.E., Hunt, A.G., Repert, D.A., Nordstrom, D.K., Holloway, J.M., Ball, J.W., and Price, M.B., 2022, Water-Chemistry and Isotope Data for Selected Springs, Geysers, Streams, and Rivers in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming (ver. 2.0, March 2025): U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P92XKJU7.
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Description: Yellowstone National Park (YNP; Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho, USA) contains more than 10,000 hydrothermal features, several lakes, and four major watersheds. For more than 140 years, researchers at the U.S. Geological Survey and other scientific institutions have investigated the chemical compositions of hot springs, geysers, fumaroles, mud pots, streams, rivers, and lakes in YNP and surrounding areas. Water chemistry studies have revealed a range of compositions including waters with pH values ranging from about 1 to 10, surface temperatures from ambient to superheated values of 95°C, and elevated concentrations of silica, lithium, boron, fluoride, mercury, and arsenic. Hydrogeochemical data from YNP research have led to insights on subsurface conditions of temperature and chemistry, water-rock-gas interactions and processes of high-temperature mineral alteration with dissolution and precipitation, redox processes, thermophilic microbial metabolism under extreme conditions and effects of thermal water chemistry on river systems.In this Data Release, water chemistry data for 4,918 water samples are reported for numerous thermal features, rivers, streams, lakes, drillholes, and precipitation in and around YNP. The data for these samples were originally located in 38 reports published between 1888 and 2022 and in multiple unpublished documents. Spanning more than 600 unique sampling sites throughout the YNP region, this dataset includes samples collected as early as 1883 (Gooch & Whitfield, 1888) and as recently as 2021 (McCleskey, et al, 2022). The thermal features sampled most frequently include Cistern Spring (180 samples) and Echinus Geyser (73 samples) in Norris Geyser Basin and Ojo Caliente Spring (143 samples) in the Lower Geyser Basin, while more than 500 sites have 5 samples or fewer. Water chemistry data from thermal features, rivers, and streams are most represented, comprising 75% (thermal) and 17% (rivers/streams) of the dataset. Across all major areas of the park, Norris Geyser Basin has been sampled more than any other basin, with more than 1,100 samples reported in this dataset.Data were downloaded and minimally modified by the Wyoming State Geological Survey (WSGS) in April, 2025 for simplified display on the interactive Geology of Yellowstone Map. Not every field in the “Yellowstone Water Chemistry 1883-2021.csv” file is displayed, and fields were given new headers for display purposes. 884 records were excluded due to missing location data. The WSGS has not formally reviewed or quality-controlled these data; users are encouraged to consult the original data source.
Service Item Id: 3ce021cb9a2949b79a459460f8ba1615
Copyright Text: This work would not have been possible without support and funding from the NAGT (National Association of Geoscience Teachers) Cooperative Summer Field Training Program and the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory (YVO). Although the compilation of such an abundance of data required significant effort and time, the true credit for this data belongs with the hundreds of field researchers, lab technicians, park employees, office staff, and other countless figures who worked to publish the data in the first place. The Yellowstone Research Coordination Network (RCN) and the book "Wonderland Nomenclature" by Lee Hale Whittlesey (1988) have been invaluable throughout this process. Much gratitude is owed to those who reviewed and offered feedback on this project: Sara Peek, Michael Poland, and William Inskeep. Price, M.B., McCleskey, R.B., Oaks, A., Hurwitz, S., and Nordstrom, D.K., 2024, Historic Water Chemistry Data for Thermal Features, Streams, and Rivers in the Yellowstone National Park Area, 1883-2021: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9KSEVI1.
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Layer: Whole rock geochemistry samples (8)
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Description: The Yellowstone Plateau volcanic field and surrounding region is made up of over 3 billion years of geologic history, with 300+ separate rock types. To increase our understanding of the evolution of this active system and direct priorities for sample collection and field study, we compiled whole rock geochemical datasets from numerous thesis and papers (17 in total). We present these data in a standardized format and include location information and details on analytical methods when available.Data were downloaded and minimally modified by the Wyoming State Geological Survey (WSGS) in March, 2025 for simplified display on the interactive Geology of Yellowstone Map. Not every field in the “Yellowstone_Whole_Rock_Data.xlsx” file is displayed, and several fields were given new headers. The “Publication link” field was added to direct users to the original publication from which the data originate. 328 records were excluded due to missing location data. The WSGS has not formally reviewed or quality-controlled these data; users are encouraged to consult the original data source.
Service Item Id: 3ce021cb9a2949b79a459460f8ba1615
Copyright Text: Data presented in this data release were compiled from the geologic literature. All credit for the data collection goes to the authors cited in the data release. Kragh, N., Helene, L., Robinson, L., Morrow, Z., O'Connor, B., Myers, M., and Stelten, M., 2023, Whole Rock Analyses from the Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9AXI2YU.
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Layer: Christiansen samples (2)
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Description: This database was prepared using a combination of materials that include aerial photographs, topographic maps (1:24,000 and 1:250,000), field notes, and a sample catalog. Our goal was to translate sample collection site locations at Yellowstone National Park and surrounding areas into a GIS database. This was achieved by transferring site locations from aerial photographs and topographic maps into layers in ArcMap. Each field site is located based on field notes describing where a sample was collected. Locations were marked on the photograph or topographic map by a pinhole or dot, respectively, with the corresponding station or site numbers. Station and site numbers were then referenced in the notes to determine the appropriate prefix for the station. Each point on the aerial photograph or topographic map was relocated on the screen in ArcMap, on a digital topographic map, or an aerial photograph. Several samples are present in the field notes and in the catalog but do not correspond to an aerial photograph or could not be found on the topographic maps. These samples are marked with “No” under the LocationFound field and do not have a corresponding point in the SampleSites feature class. Each point represents a field station or collection site with information that was entered into an attributes table (explained in detail in the entity and attribute metadata sections). Tabular information on hand samples, thin sections, and mineral separates were entered by hand. The Samples table includes everything transferred from the paper records and relates to the other tables using the SampleID and to the SampleSites feature class using the SampleSite field.Data were minimally modified by the Wyoming State Geological Survey (WSGS) in March, 2022 for simplified display on the interactive Geology of Yellowstone Map. The SampleSites feature class was joined to the Samples nonspatial table by the SampleSite field. Records where LocationFound = "No" were deleted because these records lack spatial data. The SampleSites feature class was then joined to the HandSamples, ThinSections, and MineralSeparates nonspatial tables by the SampleID field. Records from these three nonspatial tables that are populated (in other words, where the data exist), were assigned a "Yes" value in the "Hand sample?", "Thin section?", and "Mineral separates?" fields respectively; all other records were assigned "No" values in these fields. The joined table was exported to the final feature class, and some fields were added, given different aliases, or had their visibility turned off for simplified display on the interactive Geology of Yellowstone Map. The WSGS has not formally reviewed or quality-controlled these data; users are encouraged to consult the original data source.
Service Item Id: 3ce021cb9a2949b79a459460f8ba1615
Copyright Text: Rock samples collected and analyzed by Robert L. Christiansen, Edward W. Hildreth, Richard M. Blank, and Harold J. Prostka during 1965-2001. Robinson, J.E., McConville, E.G., Szymanski, M.E., and Christiansen, R.L., 2021, Yellowstone Sample Collection - database: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P94JTACV.
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Description: Radiogenic isotopes of strontium and uranium (87Sr/86Sr and 234U/238U) are useful tracers of water-rock interactions. Sr isotopic signatures in groundwater are derived by dissolution or exchange with Sr contained in aquifer rock whereas U isotopic signatures are more controlled by physicochemical and kinetic processes during groundwater flow. Insights into groundwater circulation patterns through the shallow subsurface at Yellowstone National Park can be aided by investigations of these isotopes. This data release contains tables with new isotope data consisting of concentrations (Sr, U) and radiogenic-isotope compositions (87Sr/86Sr, 234U/238U) for samples of thermal springs and geysers focused largely on the Upper Geyser Basin, but from other geothermal areas as well. Sr isotopes were also analyzed in samples of streamflow from several different areas in the Park as well as in samples of whole rock or mineral separates as a means of better defining sources of Sr that are incorporated into thermal water. Finally, authigenic mineral deposits precipitated from spring discharge inherit the Sr- and U-isotopic composition of the water from which they formed. Travertine precipitated from several areas in the Upper Geyser Basin were analyzed as a means of assessing their ages, determined by U-Th disequilibrium methods, and the Sr- and U-isotopic compositions of their source water at the time they formed.Data were downloaded and minimally modified by the Wyoming State Geological Survey (WSGS) in February, 2023 for simplified display on the interactive Geology of Yellowstone Map. Data in this feature class come from the "YNP_Sr-U_UGB_ThermalWater.csv" and "YNP_Sr-U_Other_ThermalWater.csv" files. Records from these two files were combined into one table with the same fields. Several fields were combined and given new headers; the Metadata field was populated with text strings rather than numeric footnotes. One record was excluded that was missing latitude and longitude data. The WSGS has not formally reviewed or quality-controlled these data; users are encouraged to consult the original data source.
Service Item Id: 3ce021cb9a2949b79a459460f8ba1615
Copyright Text: Paces, J.B., Hurwitz, S., Harrison, L.N., and Cullen, J.T., 2022, Sr and U concentrations and radiogenic isotope compositions (87Sr/86Sr, 234U/238U) of thermal waters, streamflow, travertine, and rock samples along with U-Th disequilibrium ages for travertine deposits from various locations in Yellowstone National Park, USA: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9JPX2RO.
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Description: Radiogenic isotopes of strontium and uranium (87Sr/86Sr and 234U/238U) are useful tracers of water-rock interactions. Sr isotopic signatures in groundwater are derived by dissolution or exchange with Sr contained in aquifer rock whereas U isotopic signatures are more controlled by physicochemical and kinetic processes during groundwater flow. Insights into groundwater circulation patterns through the shallow subsurface at Yellowstone National Park can be aided by investigations of these isotopes. This data release contains tables with new isotope data consisting of concentrations (Sr, U) and radiogenic-isotope compositions (87Sr/86Sr, 234U/238U) for samples of thermal springs and geysers focused largely on the Upper Geyser Basin, but from other geothermal areas as well. Sr isotopes were also analyzed in samples of streamflow from several different areas in the Park as well as in samples of whole rock or mineral separates as a means of better defining sources of Sr that are incorporated into thermal water. Finally, authigenic mineral deposits precipitated from spring discharge inherit the Sr- and U-isotopic composition of the water from which they formed. Travertine precipitated from several areas in the Upper Geyser Basin were analyzed as a means of assessing their ages, determined by U-Th disequilibrium methods, and the Sr- and U-isotopic compositions of their source water at the time they formed.Data were downloaded and minimally modified by the Wyoming State Geological Survey (WSGS) in February, 2023 for simplified display on the interactive Geology of Yellowstone Map. Data in this feature class come from the "YNP_Surface-Water.csv" file. Several fields were combined and given new headers. The WSGS has not formally reviewed or quality-controlled these data; users are encouraged to consult the original data source.
Service Item Id: 3ce021cb9a2949b79a459460f8ba1615
Copyright Text: Paces, J.B., Hurwitz, S., Harrison, L.N., and Cullen, J.T., 2022, Sr and U concentrations and radiogenic isotope compositions (87Sr/86Sr, 234U/238U) of thermal waters, streamflow, travertine, and rock samples along with U-Th disequilibrium ages for travertine deposits from various locations in Yellowstone National Park, USA: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9JPX2RO.
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Layer: Sr and U travertine and sinter samples (6)
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Service Item Id: 3ce021cb9a2949b79a459460f8ba1615
Copyright Text: Paces, J.B., Hurwitz, S., Harrison, L.N., and Cullen, J.T., 2022, Sr and U concentrations and radiogenic isotope compositions (87Sr/86Sr, 234U/238U) of thermal waters, streamflow, travertine, and rock samples along with U-Th disequilibrium ages for travertine deposits from various locations in Yellowstone National Park, USA: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9JPX2RO.
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Service Item Id: 3ce021cb9a2949b79a459460f8ba1615
Copyright Text: Paces, J.B., Hurwitz, S., Harrison, L.N., and Cullen, J.T., 2022, Sr and U concentrations and radiogenic isotope compositions (87Sr/86Sr, 234U/238U) of thermal waters, streamflow, travertine, and rock samples along with U-Th disequilibrium ages for travertine deposits from various locations in Yellowstone National Park, USA: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9JPX2RO.
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- Calibrated_age___1σ__cal_yr_BP_ ( type: esriFieldTypeString, alias: Calibrated age ± 1σ (cal yr BP), length: 255 )
- Combusted_wt__mg_ ( type: esriFieldTypeDouble, alias: Combusted wt (mg) )
- Percent_carbon ( type: esriFieldTypeDouble, alias: % carbon )
- Data_source ( type: esriFieldTypeString, alias: Data source, length: 200 )
Layer: Upper Geyser Basin carbon isotope samples (9)
Name: Upper Geyser Basin carbon isotope samplesDisplay Field: Sample_ID
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Description: Note: No formal accuracy tests were conducted and these data are disseminated to allow discussion related to methods.Sample Analyses: Samples were processed at both the USGS in Menlo Park, CA, and at UC Berkeley following established methodology for separating organic material from sinter (Howald et al., 2014; Lowenstern et al., 2016; Slagter et al., 2019). First, the exterior surface of each sample was removed using a rock saw, and then any further material was removed if there was any visible algal material in the interior of the sample. Second, samples underwent a series of chemical baths. Samples were crushed and soaked in 30% hydrogen peroxide for 48 hours to remove any remaining modern algae. Once cleaned, samples were decanted and rinsed three times with milliQ water, and then bathed in 1M hydrochloric acid (HCl) for 72 hours to dissolve any inorganic carbonates. Samples were once more decanted and rinsed three times in milliQ water before being soaked in concentrated (48%) hydrofluoric acid (HF) until all silicates were dissolved. The remaining organic material was placed in centrifuge tubes with milliQ water and sent to the Keck-Carbon Cycle Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Laboratory (Keck-CCAMS) at the University of California, Irvine. There each sample was centrifuged, the milliQ water decanted, and then placed in a vacuum oven so that the remaining material would fully dry. Then, 5-10 mg of the sample was placed into a labeled quartz tube, along with a stick of silver to capture free radicals, and ~60 mg of CuO. The quartz tubes were evacuated and sealed before being placed into a furnace at 900 °F overnight to combust their contents, producing CO2 gas. The amount of carbon dioxide produced by each sample was quantified and if concentrations were above 0.19 mg C then a small aliquot was separated for δ13C measurements. The remaining CO2 was reduced to elemental graphite for 14C measurement. The Keck-CCAMS runs a 500 kV compact AMS unit from the National Electrostatics Corporation (NEC 0.5MV 1.5SDH-2). Radiocarbon dates were calibrated using the UCIAMS atmospheric IntCal13 dataset from Reimer et al. (2013).Database Contents: The data file (carbon_isotope_data_Supplementary.csv) contains the ẟ13C, fraction modern, D14C, 14C age, and calibrated 14C age (calibrated with Reimer et al., 2013) for all reported samples. Radiocarbon concentrations are given as fractions of the Modern standard, D14C, and conventional radiocarbon age, following the conventions of Stuiver and Polach (Radiocarbon, v. 19, p.355, 1977). All results have been corrected for isotopic fractionation according to the conventions of Stuiver and Polach (1977), with ẟ13C values measured on prepared graphite using the AMS spectrometer. These can differ from ẟ13C of the original material, and are not shown. The entries in the data file appear in the following columns:A. Sample IDB. LocationC. Testing DateD. Material DatedE. ẟ13C (‰)F. ẟ13C (‰) ±G. Fraction ModernH. Fraction Modern ±I. D14C (‰)J. D14C (‰) ±K. 14C age (yr. BP)L. Calibrated Age (cal yr. BP)M. Calibrated Age (cal yr. BP) ±N. Combusted wt (mg)O. % CarbonReferencesHowald, T., Person, M., Campbell, A., Lueth, V., Hofstra, A., Sweetkind, D., Gable, C.W., Banerjee, A., Luijendijk, E., Crossey, L. and Karlstrom, K., 2014. Evidence for long timescale (> 103 years) changes in hydrothermal activity induced by seismic events. Geofluids. 15(1-2), 252-268.Reimer PJ, Bard E, Bayliss A, Beck JW, Blackwell PG, Bronk Ramsey C, Buck CE, Cheng H, Edwards RL, Friedrich M, Grootes PM, Guilderson TP, Haflidason H, Hajdas I, Hatté C, Heaton TJ, Hogg AG, Hughen KA, Kaiser KF, Kromer B, Manning SW, Niu M, Reimer RW, Richards DA, Scott EM, Southon JR, Turney CSM, van der Plicht J. IntCal13 and MARINE13 radiocarbon age calibration curves 0-50000 years calBP. Radiocarbon 55(4). DOI: 10.2458/azu_js_rc.55.16947Lowenstern, J.B., Hurwitz, S., and McGeehin, J.P., 2016. Radiocarbon dating of silica sinter deposits in shallow drill cores from the Upper Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 310, 132-136.Slagter, S., Reich, M., Munoz-Saez, C., Southon, J., Morata, D., Barra, F., Gong, J., Skok, J.R., 2019. Environmental controls on silica sinter formation revealed by radiocarbon dating. Geology. 47 (4), 330–334. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/G45859.1Data were downloaded and minimally modified by the Wyoming State Geological Survey (WSGS) in March, 2025 for simplified display on the interactive Geology of Yellowstone Map. Data in this feature class come from the "Sample_Information_Supplementary.csv" and "carbon_isotope_data_Supplementary.csv" files. The Date Collected, Easting, and Northing fields from the sample information CSV were joined to the carbon isotope data CSV with the Sample ID field. Records for Sample IDs from the carbon isotope CSV that lacked location data were excluded. Several Sample IDs have multiple records due to multiple types of material being collected; these records with identical locations were retained. Several fields were combined and given new headers for ease of display. The WSGS has not formally reviewed or quality-controlled these data; users are encouraged to consult the original data source.
Service Item Id: 3ce021cb9a2949b79a459460f8ba1615
Copyright Text: This research was conducted under Yellowstone Research Permits YELL-2018-SCI-8030 and YELL-2018-SCI-5910, and supported by funding from the NSF (NSF 1724986) and the Esper Larsen fund. We thank the KCCAMS staff for use of their radiocarbon dating facilities, Cathy Whitlock and Chris Schiller at Montana State University for their pollen identification, Alan Hidy at LLNL-CAMS, Debra Driscoll at SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry for help with data acquisition and interpretation, and Jefferson Hungerford, Behnaz Housseini, Erin White at the National Park Service. Churchill, D.M., Peek, S.E., Hurwitz, S., Manga, M., Damby, D.E., Conrey, R., Paces, J.B., and Licciardi, J.M., 2021, Mineralogy, chemistry and isotope composition of silica sinter deposits from the Upper Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park (ver. 2.0, April 2021): U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P90SU3TV.
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