20250505 11194800 1.0 FALSE Samples_Upper_Geyser_Basin_Carbon_Isotope -12339670.835600 -12336895.026600 5537112.340400 5539795.110100 1 002 Projected GCS_WGS_1984 Linear Unit: Meter (1.000000) WGS_1984_Web_Mercator_Auxiliary_Sphere <ProjectedCoordinateSystem xsi:type='typens:ProjectedCoordinateSystem' xmlns:xsi='http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance' xmlns:xs='http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema' xmlns:typens='http://www.esri.com/schemas/ArcGIS/3.4.0'><WKT>PROJCS["WGS_1984_Web_Mercator_Auxiliary_Sphere",GEOGCS["GCS_WGS_1984",DATUM["D_WGS_1984",SPHEROID["WGS_1984",6378137.0,298.257223563]],PRIMEM["Greenwich",0.0],UNIT["Degree",0.0174532925199433]],PROJECTION["Mercator_Auxiliary_Sphere"],PARAMETER["False_Easting",0.0],PARAMETER["False_Northing",0.0],PARAMETER["Central_Meridian",0.0],PARAMETER["Standard_Parallel_1",0.0],PARAMETER["Auxiliary_Sphere_Type",0.0],UNIT["Meter",1.0],AUTHORITY["EPSG",3857]]</WKT><XOrigin>-20037700</XOrigin><YOrigin>-30241100</YOrigin><XYScale>10000</XYScale><ZOrigin>-100000</ZOrigin><ZScale>10000</ZScale><MOrigin>-100000</MOrigin><MScale>10000</MScale><XYTolerance>0.001</XYTolerance><ZTolerance>0.001</ZTolerance><MTolerance>0.001</MTolerance><HighPrecision>true</HighPrecision><WKID>102100</WKID><LatestWKID>3857</LatestWKID></ProjectedCoordinateSystem> 20250325 16294200 20250325 16294200 FGDC 150000000 5000 Sara E Peek ALASKA REGION: VOLCANO SCIENCE CENTER Hydrologist 650-329-4509 Mail Stop 434, 345 Middlefield Road Menlo Park CA 94025 US speek@usgs.gov 20250325 ArcGIS Metadata 1.0 https://doi.org/10.5066/P90SU3TV File Geodatabase Feature Class Mineralogy, chemistry and isotope composition of silica sinter deposits from the Upper Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park: carbon isotope data 2020-05-27 Churchill, Dakota M. Peek, Sara Hurwitz, Shaul Manga, Michael Damby, David E. Conrey, Richard Paces, James B. Licciardi, Joseph M. U.S. Geological Survey Reston, VA spreadsheet (.CSV) <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;">Note: No formal accuracy tests were conducted and these data are disseminated to allow discussion related to methods.Sample Analyses: Samples were processed at both the USGS in Menlo Park, CA, and at UC Berkeley following established methodology for separating organic material from sinter (Howald et al., 2014; Lowenstern et al., 2016; Slagter et al., 2019). First, the exterior surface of each sample was removed using a rock saw, and then any further material was removed if there was any visible algal material in the interior of the sample. Second, samples underwent a series of chemical baths. Samples were crushed and soaked in 30% hydrogen peroxide for 48 hours to remove any remaining modern algae. Once cleaned, samples were decanted and rinsed three times with milliQ water, and then bathed in 1M hydrochloric acid (HCl) for 72 hours to dissolve any inorganic carbonates. Samples were once more decanted and rinsed three times in milliQ water before being soaked in concentrated (48%) hydrofluoric acid (HF) until all silicates were dissolved. The remaining organic material was placed in centrifuge tubes with milliQ water and sent to the Keck-Carbon Cycle Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Laboratory (Keck-CCAMS) at the University of California, Irvine. There each sample was centrifuged, the milliQ water decanted, and then placed in a vacuum oven so that the remaining material would fully dry. Then, 5-10 mg of the sample was placed into a labeled quartz tube, along with a stick of silver to capture free radicals, and ~60 mg of CuO. The quartz tubes were evacuated and sealed before being placed into a furnace at 900 °F overnight to combust their contents, producing CO2 gas. The amount of carbon dioxide produced by each sample was quantified and if concentrations were above 0.19 mg C then a small aliquot was separated for δ13C measurements. The remaining CO2 was reduced to elemental graphite for 14C measurement. The Keck-CCAMS runs a 500 kV compact AMS unit from the National Electrostatics Corporation (NEC 0.5MV 1.5SDH-2). Radiocarbon dates were calibrated using the UCIAMS atmospheric IntCal13 dataset from Reimer et al. (2013).Database Contents: The data file (carbon_isotope_data_Supplementary.csv) contains the ẟ13C, fraction modern, D14C, 14C age, and calibrated 14C age (calibrated with Reimer et al., 2013) for all reported samples. Radiocarbon concentrations are given as fractions of the Modern standard, D14C, and conventional radiocarbon age, following the conventions of Stuiver and Polach (Radiocarbon, v. 19, p.355, 1977). All results have been corrected for isotopic fractionation according to the conventions of Stuiver and Polach (1977), with ẟ13C values measured on prepared graphite using the AMS spectrometer. These can differ from ẟ13C of the original material, and are not shown. The entries in the data file appear in the following columns:A. Sample IDB. LocationC. Testing DateD. Material DatedE. ẟ13C (‰)F. ẟ13C (‰) ±G. Fraction ModernH. Fraction Modern ±I. D14C (‰)J. D14C (‰) ±K. 14C age (yr. BP)L. Calibrated Age (cal yr. BP)M. Calibrated Age (cal yr. BP) ±N. Combusted wt (mg)O. % CarbonReferencesHowald, T., Person, M., Campbell, A., Lueth, V., Hofstra, A., Sweetkind, D., Gable, C.W., Banerjee, A., Luijendijk, E., Crossey, L. and Karlstrom, K., 2014. Evidence for long timescale (> 103 years) changes in hydrothermal activity induced by seismic events. Geofluids. 15(1-2), 252-268.Reimer PJ, Bard E, Bayliss A, Beck JW, Blackwell PG, Bronk Ramsey C, Buck CE, Cheng H, Edwards RL, Friedrich M, Grootes PM, Guilderson TP, Haflidason H, Hajdas I, Hatté C, Heaton TJ, Hogg AG, Hughen KA, Kaiser KF, Kromer B, Manning SW, Niu M, Reimer RW, Richards DA, Scott EM, Southon JR, Turney CSM, van der Plicht J. IntCal13 and MARINE13 radiocarbon age calibration curves 0-50000 years calBP. Radiocarbon 55(4). DOI: 10.2458/azu_js_rc.55.16947Lowenstern, J.B., Hurwitz, S., and McGeehin, J.P., 2016. Radiocarbon dating of silica sinter deposits in shallow drill cores from the Upper Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 310, 132-136.Slagter, S., Reich, M., Munoz-Saez, C., Southon, J., Morata, D., Barra, F., Gong, J., Skok, J.R., 2019. Environmental controls on silica sinter formation revealed by radiocarbon dating. Geology. 47 (4), 330–334. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/G45859.1Data were downloaded and minimally modified by the Wyoming State Geological Survey (WSGS) in March, 2025 for simplified display on the interactive Geology of Yellowstone Map. Data in this feature class come from the "Sample_Information_Supplementary.csv" and "carbon_isotope_data_Supplementary.csv" files. The Date Collected, Easting, and Northing fields from the sample information CSV were joined to the carbon isotope data CSV with the Sample ID field. Records for Sample IDs from the carbon isotope CSV that lacked location data were excluded. Several Sample IDs have multiple records due to multiple types of material being collected; these records with identical locations were retained. Several fields were combined and given new headers for ease of display. The WSGS has not formally reviewed or quality-controlled these data; users are encouraged to consult the original data source.</DIV> The purpose of this dataset is to provide radiocarbon and stable isotope data for silica sinter samples collected from geysers located in the Upper Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park. This research was conducted under Yellowstone Research Permits YELL-2018-SCI-8030 and YELL-2018-SCI-5910, and supported by funding from the NSF (NSF 1724986) and the Esper Larsen fund. We thank the KCCAMS staff for use of their radiocarbon dating facilities, Cathy Whitlock and Chris Schiller at Montana State University for their pollen identification, Alan Hidy at LLNL-CAMS, Debra Driscoll at SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry for help with data acquisition and interpretation, and Jefferson Hungerford, Behnaz Housseini, Erin White at the National Park Service. Churchill, D.M., Peek, S.E., Hurwitz, S., Manga, M., Damby, D.E., Conrey, R., Paces, J.B., and Licciardi, J.M., 2021, Mineralogy, chemistry and isotope composition of silica sinter deposits from the Upper Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park (ver. 2.0, April 2021): U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P90SU3TV. Sara E Peek ALASKA REGION: VOLCANO SCIENCE CENTER Hydrologist 650-329-4509 Mail Stop 434, 345 Middlefield Road Menlo Park CA 94025 US speek@usgs.gov Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) Yellowstone National Park Upper Geyser Basin USGS Thesaurus: Time Periods Holocene USGS Thesaurus Yellowstone National Park geysers radiocarbon dating sinter USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:5e87b7ef82cee42d1341f2eb Yellowstone National Park geysers radiocarbon dating sinter USGS:5e87b7ef82cee42d1341f2eb Yellowstone National Park Upper Geyser Basin Holocene Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. This information product is in the public domain. The data have been approved for release and publication by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Although the data have been subjected to rigorous review and are substantially complete, the USGS reserves the right to revise the data pursuant to further analysis and review. Furthermore, the data are released on the condition that neither the USGS nor the U.S. Government may be held liable for any damages resulting from authorized or unauthorized use. Although the data have been processed successfully on a computer system at the U.S. Geological Survey, no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system, or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. The U.S. Geological Survey shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and/or contained herein. Users of the data are advised to read all metadata and associated documentation thoroughly to understand appropriate use and data limitations. true -110.849149 -110.824214 44.478518 44.46132 ground condition 2018-04-13 2018-04-14 2018-04-15 2018-04-16 2018-04-17 2018-04-18 2018-11-07 These data are disseminated to allow discussion related to methods. Esri ArcGIS 13.4.0.55405 1 -110.849149 -110.824214 44.478518 44.461320 No formal attribute accuracy tests were conducted No formal logical accuracy tests were conducted Data set is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details. No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted Samples were collected onsite, shipped to laboratories for analyses, and the results were then compiled. 2019 Radiocarbon_Data_Supplementary.csv Provides radiocarbon ages and carbon stable isotope data for geyser sinter samples from Yellowstone National Park. the authors Feature Class 0 OBJECTID ObjectID OID 4 0 0 Internal feature number. Esri Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Shape Shape Geometry 0 0 0 Feature geometry. Esri Coordinates defining the features. Sample_ID Sample number String 255 0 0 Location A place name; the name of the geyser where the sample was collected Producer defined. A place name; the name of the geyser where the sample was collected Location String 255 0 0 Date_collected Date collected String 255 0 0 Date_tested Date tested String 255 0 0 Material Material String 255 0 0 d13C___1σ__per_mil_ d13C ± 1σ (per mil) String 255 0 0 Modern_fraction___1σ Modern fraction ± 1σ String 255 0 0 d14C___1σ__per_mil_ d14C ± 1σ (per mil) String 255 0 0 F14C_age___1σ__yr_BP_ 14C age ± 1σ (yr BP) String 255 0 0 Calibrated_age___1σ__cal_yr_BP_ Calibrated age ± 1σ (cal yr BP) String 255 0 0 Combusted_wt__mg_ Combusted wt (mg) Double 8 0 0 Percent_carbon % carbon Double 8 0 0 dataset EPSG 6.18.3(9.3.1.2) 0 Simple FALSE 0 TRUE FALSE